요즘 하도 건망증과 단어 혼동에 시달리다 보니.. 사무실에 차장님께서 보내주신 글~ ^_^;; 그러고보니 이번달 HBR에도 Cognitive Science에 관한 글이 있던데.. 꼭 읽어봐야겠당.
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사람들은 아무도 있는 그대로를 기억하지 않는다.
그보다는 어떤 일이 일어난 경우를 자신의 기억을 통해 재구성한 내용을 기억할 뿐이다.
다음은 유명한 심리학자 Schacter(2001)가 말한 기억 왜곡이 일어나는 일곱가지 경우이다.
"seven sins of memory(기억의 일곱가지 원죄)"
1. 일시성(Transience)
기억은 빠르게 사라진다. 대부분의 사람들은 O.J 심슨이 아내를 살해한 혐의로 기소되었다가 무죄로 판명되었다는 것을 기억하지만 어떻게 무죄가 되었는지는 잘 기억하지 못한다. 한 때는 모든 사람이 알고 있었지만 지금은 더이상 그렇지 않다.
2. 방심(Absent-mindedness)
사람들은 무엇인가를 찾으러 왔는데 무엇을 찾으러 왔는지 잊어버리는 경우가 종종 있다. 사람들은 차를 타러 내려가면서 자동차 키는 방에 두고 가는 경우가 많다.
3. 차폐(Blocking)
분명히 알고 있었던 사실이었지만, 그것을 기억하려고하면 막상 기억이 나지 않는 경우가 있다. 어떤 사람과 마주쳤는데, 그 사람의 이름이 기억나지 않는다거나, 누군가에게 질문을 받았을 때, 분명히 그것을 알았지만 단어가 생각이 나지 않는 경우이다. 막상 입밖으로는 나오지 않고 혀 끝에서만 빙빙도는 경우, 이런 경우를 심리학자들은 설단현상 이라고 부른다.
4. 오귀인(Misattribution)
사람들은 자기가 읽거나 들은 내용들이 어디서 나온것인지 그 출처를 기억하지 못한다. 때때로, 사람들은 그러한 출처를 잘못 알기도 한다. 실제 보지 않았는데도 보았다고 하거나, 들은 적이 없는데도 들은 것으로 기억하기도 한다. 실제 목격자들의 증언은 왜곡되어있는 경우가 많다는 것을 워싱턴 대학의 심리학과 교수 Loftus는 자신의 '목격자 증언 연구(The Eyewitness Testimony Study)를 통해 입증하였다.
5. 피암시성(Suggestibility)
사람들은 암시에 취약해서 어떤 것을 보았을 것이라고 암시를 받으면 그것을 본 것으로 기억하기도 한다.
6. 편향(Bias)
사람들은 종종 자신의 회상이 편향되기도 한다. 지금 자신의 삶이 고통스럽고 괴롭다면, 지나간 자신의 삶에서도 고통스럽고 괴로웠던 일들을 더 잘 기억해 내는 경향이 있다. 또한 현재 고통을 겪지 않는다면 실제 경험과 상관없이 고통스러웠던 일들을 잘 기억하지 못하는 경우가 있다.
7. 집착(Persistence)
사람들은 때로 하찮게 지나칠 수 있는 일들을 매우 중요한 것으로 기억하기도 한다.
10번의 성공 가운데, 1가지의 실패를 맛본 경험이 있다면, 여러차례의 성공 경험 보다는 한차례의 실패를 더 잘 기억하게 된다.
<cognitive psychology 3th.[R.J.Sterngerg] 인용>
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